Holy Bible - Old Testament
A list of all the books of the Old Testament with a brief explanation of each of the book's contents.
TORAH
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The term Torah [teachings; instruction]
derives from the root y-r-h, which means "to shoot [an arrow]"
and thus etymologically [studying the true meanings and values of words]
refers to that which "hits the mark."
Jewish Tradition, from the late biblical period on, uses "Torah" to
refer to the first five books of the Bible. These books are also called "The Five Books of
Moses" or the "Pentateuch," which derives (via Latin) from the Greek penta
[five] teuchoi [books].
As early as the 1st century CE [Common
Era], these five books were written on one long scroll, signaling that they are one unit.
Unlike the other canonical [authorized; recognized; accepted]
divisions where there is significant debate within and between different religious traditions, both
Jewish and Christian traditions view the books Genesis through Deuteronomy in this order, as a
single unit, standing first in the Bible. The unanimity of tradition and the initial placement of
these five books reflect their significant place within religious life. In Judaism, the Torah is
accorded the highest level of sanctity, above that of the other books of the Bible.
NOTE: The traditional order of the
rest of the books in the TANAKH [Jewish Bible] and the
Christian Bible are different.
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SOURCE: Marc Zvi Brettler, Introduction to the Torah, JPS Study Bible, page 1.
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Genesis: The book of beginnings describes creation, the first rebellions
against God, and God's choosing of Abraham and his offspring.
Exodus: God rescued the Israelites from slavery in Egypt and led them to
the Desert of Sinai. There, he gave Moses the laws to govern the new nation.
Leviticus: God set up laws for the Israelites, mostly regarding holiness
and worship.
Numbers: Because of their rebellion and disobedience, the Israelites had
to wander in the wilderness for 40 years before entering the promised land.
Deuteronomy: Just before his death, Moses made three emotional farewell
speeches, recapping history and warning the Israelites against further mistakes.
History Books
The next 12 books continue the history of the Israelites. They moved into the land of Canaan and
established a kingdom that lasted almost 500 years.
Joshua: After Moses' death, Joshua commanded the armies that conquered
much of the territory in the promised land.
Judges: The new nation fell into a series of dismal failures. God raised
up leaders called "judges."
Ruth: This story of love and loyalty between widows shines out brightly in
an otherwise dark period.
1st Samuel: Samuel became a transition leader between the time of the
judges and that of the kings. He appointed Israel's first king, Saul. After his own failure, Saul tried
violently to prevent God's king-elect David from taking the throne.
2nd Samuel: David, a man after God's own heart, brought the nation
together. But after committing adultery and murder, he was haunted by family and personal crises.
1st Kings: Solomon succeeded David, with mixed success. At his death, a
civil war tore apart the nation. Successive kings were mostly bad, and the prophet Elijah had dramatic
confrontations with King Ahab.
2nd Kings: This book continues the record of the rulers of the divided
kingdom. none of the northern kings followed God constantly, and so Israel was finally destroyed by an invader.
The South, Judah, lasted much longer, but finally Babylon conquered Judah and deported its citizens.
1st Chronicles: The Book opens with the most complete genealogical record
in the Bible, then adds many incidents from the life of David (often the same as those in 2nd Samuel).
2nd Chronicles: Often paralleling the books of Kings, this book records
the history of the rulers of Judah, emphasizing the good kings.
Ezra: After being held captive in Babylon for decades, the Jews were
allowed to return to their homeland. Ezra, a priest, emerged from one of the first waves of refugees.
Nehemiah: Nehemiah returned from Babylonian captivity after the temple had
been rebuilt. He concentrated on restoring the protective wall around Jerusalem and joined Ezra in leading a
religious revival.
Esther: This story is set among captive Jews in Persia. A courageous
Jewish queen foiled a plan to exterminate her people.
Books of Poetry
Almost one-third of the Old Testament was originally written in poetry. These books concentrate
on questions about pain, God, life, and love.
Job: The best man of his day suffers the greatest personal tragedy. The
entire book deals with the question, "Why?"
Psalms: These prayers and hymns cover the full range of human emotion;
together, they represent a personal journal of how to relate to God. Some were also used in public worship
services.
Proverbs: The proverbs offer advice on every imaginable area of life. The
style of wise living described here leads to a fulfilled life.
Ecclesiastes: A life without God, "under the sun," leads to
meaninglessness and despair, says the Teacher in a strikingly modern book.
Song of Songs (The Songs of Solomon): This beautiful poem celebrates
romantic and physical love.
Books of the Prophets
During the years when kings ruled Israel and Judah, God spoke through the prophets. Though some
prophets did predict future events, their primary role was to call God's people back to him.
Isaiah: The most eloquent of the prophets, Isaiah analyzed the failures of
all the nations around him and pointed to a future Messiah who would bring peace.
Jeremiah: Jeremiah led an emotionally tortured life, yet held to his stern
message. He spoke to Judah in the last decades before Babylon destroyed the nation.
Lamentations: All Jeremiah's warnings about Jerusalem came true, and
Lamentations records five poems of sorrow for the fallen city.
Ezekiel: Ezekiel spoke to the Jews who were captive in Babylon. He often
used dramatic stories and "enacted parables" to make his points.
Daniel: A captive in Babylon, Daniel rose to the office of prime minister.
Despite intense political pressure, he lived a model life of integrity and left highly symbolic prophecies about
the future.
Hosea: By marrying a loose-living wife, Hosea lived out his message: that
Israel had committed spiritual adultery against God.
Joel: Beginning with a recent catastrophe in Judah (a locust plague), Joel
foretold God's judgment on Judah.
Amos: A country boy, Amos preached to Israel at the height of its
prosperity. His grim warnings focused on materialism.
Obadiah: Obadiah warned Edom, a nation bordering Judah.
Jonah: Jonah reluctantly went to Nineveh and found Israel's enemies
responsive to God's message.
Micah: Micah exposed corruption in every level of society, but closed with
a promise of forgiveness and restoration.
Nahum: Long after Jonah had stirred Nineveh to repentance, Nahum foretold
the mighty city's total destruction.
Habakkuk: Habakkuk addressed his book to God, not people. In a frank
dialogue with God, he discussed problems of suffering and justice.
Zephaniah: Zephaniah focused on the coming day of the Lord, which would
purge Judah, resulting in a remnant used to bless the entire world.
Haggai: After returning from the Babylonian captivity, the Jews began
rebuilding the temple of God. But before long they set aside that task to work on their own homes. Haggai
reminded them to put God first.
Zechariah: Writing around the same time as Haggai, Zechariah also urged
the Jews to work on the temple. He used a more uplifting approach, describing how the temple would point to the
coming Messiah.
Malachi: The last Old Testament prophet, Malachi faced a nation that had
grown indifferent. He sought to stir them from apathy.
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